(e) Schematic illustration of direct write electrospinning that integrates AM concept to electrospinning. The jet deposited on the collector within the straight segment, which shows higher spatial control of fiber placement but larger fiber diameter. (d) Schematic illustration of near-field electrospinning. Normally, the jet travels in a straight line and generates micrometer scale fibers. Unlike conventional solution electrospinning, a heating device is attached to maintain a molten jet in melt electrospinning. (c) Schematic illustration of melt electrospinning. During electrospinning, the ejected jet initially follows a straight line in the near-field zone and undergoes stretching and thinning upon whipping motions in the far-field zone. The charged jet can be kept in a continuous form to produce fibers in electrospinning, whereas it breaks into droplets to form particles in electrospraying. Schematic illustrations of (a) electrospinning and (b) electrospraying. A translational collector is used for predefined pattern construction. Electrospun nanofiber incorporations in medical device coating, in vitro 3D cancer model, and filtration membrane are also discussed. The applications of electrospinning in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, biosensors, and cancer diagnosis are elaborated. The large surface-to-volume ratio of electrospun nanofibers offers a considerable number of bioactive agents binding sites, which makes it a promising candidate for a number of biomedical applications. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds act as ECM analogs for specific tissue cells, stem cells, and tumor cells to realize tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, and in vitro tumor model construction. Research community drew impetus from the similarity of electrospun nanofibers to the morphology and mechanical properties of fibrous extracellular matrices (ECM) of natural human tissues. This manuscript critically presents the potential of electrospun nanofibers in healthcare applications. Adaption of additive manufacturing strategy to electrospinning permits precise fiber deposition and predefining pattern construction. Commonly used electrospinning assembles fibers from polymer solutions in various solvents, known as solution electrospinning, while melt and near-field electrospinning techniques enhance the versatility of electrospinning. Hence, it has been explored in many different applications. Over the past decades, it has become a simple and versatile method for nanofiber production. Electrospinning forms fibers from either an electrically charged polymer solution or polymer melt.
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